CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP)-- The government's seizure of IndyMac Bank raises concerns
for many consumers about whether their banks might be next.
While it is unlikely the nation will see thousands of banks fail as they did during the
savings and loan industry collapse in the late 1980s and early '90s, analysts predict
there will be more battered financial institutions that are unable to survive in
today's marketplace.
"IndyMac's failure is certainly a broader issue," said Eva Weber, an analyst at Aite
Group, a financial services research firm. "Those who are trenched in more risky
business, who are feeling more heavy losses, may be at more risk."
On Friday, the Office of Thrift Supervision transferred control of the California
lender to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. because it did not think IndyMac could
meet its depositors' demands. By Monday, the bank reopened as IndyMac Federal Bank,
FSB, and customers whose deposits were insured by the FDIC were able to access full
banking services, including online banking, during normal business hours.
IndyMac, like many of the nation's banks, was facing pressures of tighter credit,
tumbling home prices and rising foreclosures. In recent weeks it had experienced a run
on the bank, with depositors pulling out $100 million a day.
Here are some questions and answers about the government's role when a bank fails and if other banks are at risk:
Q: Why did the government seize IndyMac's assets?
A: Regulators closed IndyMac after customers began a run on the lender following the
June 26 release of a letter by Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., urging several bank
regulatory agencies that they take steps to prevent IndyMac's collapse. In the 11 days
that followed the letter's release, depositors took out more than $1.3 billion,
regulators said.
In a statement Friday, Schumer said IndyMac's failure was due to long-standing
practices by the bank, not recent events.
The financial institution spent the last two weeks trying to reassure customers that it
was not near default, including announcing that it had stopped accepting new loan
submissions and planned to slash 3,800 jobs, or more than half of its work force.
Q: What happens when the government takes over a bank?
A: In such a scenario, called a conservatorship, a bank's regulator takes control of
the company and oversees their operations. The move is to maximize the value of the
institution for a future sale and to maintain banking services in the communities
formerly served by the bank.
Q: Is my bank at risk?
A: John Bovenzi, the former chief operating officer of the FDIC put in charge of
IndyMac, reassured consumers late Sunday that bank failures have been rare in the past, and that if more banks do fail, the government has enough in reserve. According to
regulatory policy, there is no advance notice given to the public before a bank's
assets are seized by federal regulators.
"I think the important point to make is that, historically, only a very small
percentage of the banks on our problem banks list ever failed," Bovenzi said on CNN.
"While there are 90 banks on the list, there would be no expectation that 90 of those
banks would fail."
According to the FDIC, IndyMac is the fifth U.S. bank or thrift that has failed this
year. In 2007, only three financial institutions failed, a small number when compared
to the 2,808 institutions that failed between 1982 and 1992.
Q: How can I make sure my money is safe?
A: All deposit accounts worth $100,000 and less are automatically insured by the FDIC.
Many retirement accounts, such as IRAs and 401(k)s, are insured to $250,000 per person. But since it's a person's aggregate deposits, and not their individual accounts, that are insured, any amounts over $100,000 deposited at any one bank are not covered.
In a joint account, each depositor is insured up to $100,000.
The FDIC has information about its insurance on its Web site, at
http://www.fdic.gov/deposit/deposits/insured/yid.pdf.
While keeping more than the limit at any bank means taking a chance, the risks can be
bigger with smaller companies, provided they're heavily exposed to mortgage and other
debt during the current downturn.
"Consumers may want to pick an institution that has a substantial brand," Weber said.
"But you don't necessarily want to run to a big bank because you think a smaller bank
is going to fail."
Q: How much money does the FDIC have?
A: The FDIC has nearly $53 billion in insurance funds. Beyond that figure, Bovenzi said
the FDIC would have go to other banks to raise more money, adding that in such a case,
consumers could expect to see some of among passed on to them in the form of higher
fees.
The current estimated loss to the FDIC resulting from IndyMac's failure is between $4
billion and $8 billion.
Q: How big does FDIC like to keep its deposit insurance fund?
A: The FDIC board of directors has set a Designated Reserve Ratio of 1.25 percent. That means their "target" balance for the fund is 1.25 percent of estimated insured
deposits. As of March 31, the fund was $52.843 billion and insured deposits were $4.431
trillion, which resulted in a reserve ratio of 1.19 percent, 0.06 percentage point
below the Board's target. If the fund falls below 1.15 percent of estimated insured
deposits, the FDIC is required by law to adopt a restoration plan that will bring the
reserve ratio back to 1.15 percent within five years.
Q: Do banks have to pay into the deposit insurance fund?
A: Yes. The total amount depends upon the assessment rate assigned to the institution
and the size of their assessment base -- which is roughly equal to an institution's
total domestic deposits. Assessment rates are assigned to institutions based upon the
risk they pose to the fund, and currently range from 0.05 percent to 0.43 percent, with
the vast majority if institutions -- almost 94 percent -- paying between 0.05 percent and
0.07 percent.
Q: Does the government's decision to aide Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac help the nation's banks?
A: Tony Plath, an associate professor of finance at the University of North Carolina at
Charlotte, says yes. "As mortgage money becomes harder to get and real estate prices go down even more, the solvency of many banks is called into question," Plath said. "The
Fed is moving to protect the solvency of the banking industry by maintaining integrity."
Even so, the exact outcome is left to be seen, Weber said.
"One must have a bit of fate in the FDIC that they are going to be able to take care of
whomever fails," she said.